Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884-1890), "History of California" in The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, A.L. Bancroft & Co., San Francisco, California, v. II, p. 91-92, 321-323, 328-330, 497-500, 571, 686; v. III, p. 295, 360, 598; v. IV, p. 71-3, 444 , 647, 674, 744-745; v. V, p. 710, 727, 757-759.

Bowen, Jerry (2010a), Suisun Indian Timeline, Solano History Exploration Center (online website), Suisun City, California - Last accessed 2018-02-14

Cook, Sherburne F. (1976), The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970, University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

Lothrop, Marian Lydia (1932), "The Indian Campaigns of General M. G. Vallejo" in Quarterly of the Society of California Pioneers, v. XI, n. 3 (September 1932), p. 161-205.

Low, M. Clyde (1986), "Chief Solano: The Legend Examined" in The Solano Historian (journal), v. 1, n.2 (may, 1986), p. 5-10 & 22.

Milliken, Randall (1995), A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1810, edited by T. C. Blackburn, Ballena Press Anthropological Papers, No. 43, Menlo Park, California, p. 180-181, 204-211.

Milliken, Randall (2009), Ethnohistory and Ethnogeography of the Coast Miwok and their Neighbors, 1783-1840, Prepared by Archaeological and Historical Consultants of Oakland, California for the National Park Service of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco, California, p. 27.

Milliken, Randall; Shoup, Laurence H. and Ortiz, Beverly R. (2009), Ohlone/Costonoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and Their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today, Prepared by Archaeological and Historical Consultants of Oakland, California for the National Park Service of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco, California, Solicitation Q8158020405, p. 111, 114-166 & 316 (Table F5).

Peterson, Marcus (1957), The Career of Solano, Chief of the Suisuns, Masters of Arts Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 93 p.

Vallejo, Platon M.G. (1914), Memoirs of the Vallejos, arranged for publication by James H. Wilkins, original manuscript in the collection of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, California, p. 11, 29-30 & 44-45.

Bolbon - The name Bolbon has been applied to at least two distinct groups in the North Bay Area. Members of the group called Volvon (Bay Miwok) in the San Francisco Mission Book of Baptisms were called Bolbons by Father Abella in the San Francisco Mission Padron of 1822. The group called Cholvons (Yokut) in the San Jose Book of Baptisms were identified by Father Abella as Bolbons on October 22, 1811, when he visited "the village of Pescadero, also called Bolbones, along a fork of the San Joaquin River north of the present city of Tracy. There is also a group at the Santa Clara Mission that appear in some mission records as Bolbon, yet have nothing to do with the Volvon or Chlovon.

Canicaymo (Wappo language) - A blanket label for the four most southerly Wappo-speaking southerly tribes---Caymos, Canijolmano, Huijulic and Mayacma---by the Mission Dolores scribes. Wappo speakers baptized at Mission San Francisco Solano were identified with their specific local tribe names.

Carquin (Ohlone language) - A tribelet on both sides of the Carquinez Strait in the Post Costa, Martinez, Benecia area. Father Abella of Mission San Francisco passed through the "estrecho de los Carquines" during the exploration of the Central Valley in 1811. The "Estrecho de Karquines" also appears on Father Duran's 1824 Plano Topografico. Bennyoff (1977) felt strongly that they held only the southern side of Carquinez Strait, while the Aguastos, whom he identified as Patwin speakers, held the north side of that Strait. The specific Aguasto group of the area, the Huchiun-Aguastos, may have held the north side of Carquinez Strait from Glenn Cove west to Mare Island, but they were clearly Costonoan [Ohlone] speakers and heavily intermarried with the Carquins. Milliken (1995) sees no evidence for any other group to the north of Carquinez Strait until one reaches the Napa and Suisun tribes, who definitely are not located on Carquinez Strait. A total of 152 Carquins went to Mission San Francisco, most of them in 1809 and 1810.

Caymus (Wappo language) - The Caymus held the present Yountville area of Napa Valley north of San Pablo Bay. The majority of them went down to Mission San Francisco in 1821, where they were among 240 Wappo-speaking people from four tribes all baptized under the generic term for all Wappo speakers, Canicaymus. Many of them were transfered north to help found Mission San Francisco Solano in the Napa Valley in 1823. It is in the mission registers of Mission San Francisco Solano that one can find evidence that the majority of Canicaymos that went to Mission San Francisco were indeed Caymus, and that only a few were Canijolmano, Huiluc and Mayacma, other Wappo speakers of the North Bay Area. Only five additional Caymus people were baptized after Mission San Francisco Solano opened.

Chupcan (Bay Miwok language) - A tribe which held the lower Diablo Valley in the East Bay, occasionally called Yacumusmos in Mission San Francisco records. Some of them went to Mission San Francisco in 1804 in mixed nuclear family groups with Carquins and Tatcans. Their main village on lower Pacheco Creek at the present city of Concord ws known as Monte del Diablo or "The Devil's Woodlot" to the Spaniards. The great majority of the 146 Chupcans who went to Mission San Francisco and Mission San Jose were baptized in 1810 and 1811. With them were the Suisuns, with whom they were heavily intermarried.

Chuructas (Hill Patwin language) - The Chuructas are not addressed by Milliken (1995). They were subdued by the Suisuns during the Indian campaigns conducted in the 1830s by Mariano Vallejo. Isidora Solano, who was one of the wives of Suisun leader Francsico Solano (Sem-Yeto), was Chuructas. She was associated in later years with Mariano Vallejo's family, and she states in an 1874 interview conducted at Vallejo's ranch that the Suisuns were not able to understand the language of her people.

Maidu is an Indian word that translates as "man" or "person", and also designates one of the Penutian languages of California. Maidu was spoken in the central Sierra Nevadas north of where Miwok was spoken, and in the northern Sacramento Valley on the east side of the Sacramento River. (see map and chart for additional information)

Malaca (South Patwin language) - Only 64 Malaca people were ever baptized, most at Mission San Francisco between 1815 and 1821, and a few at Mission San Francisco Solano from 1827 to 1832. Time of baptism and marriage ties place them on the plains on the north side of Suisun Bay, east of the present town of Fairfield. They were closely ties to the Suisuns and many of the 326 Suisuns at San Francisco may actually have been Malacas.

Miwok is an Indian word that translates as "people", and also designates one of the Penutian languages of California. Miwok was spoken in the Yosemite region of the Sierra Nevadas extending west along the lower course of the Sacramento River to San Francisco Bay. (see map and chart for additional information)

Napa (South Patwin language) - The Napas neld the east side of the lower reaches of the Napa River below the present town of Napa. They had four intermarriages with the Huchiun-Aguastos, four with the Choquoimes and two with the Tolenas. The overall regional pattern of intermarriages places the Napas as southern neighbors of the Caymus, even though Milliken (1995) could only find one marriage between them. Some 221 Napa people were baptized. Fifty-seven went to Mission San Francisco from 1809 through 1815. A larger group, 164 people, went to Mission San Jose from 1814 to 1818.

Ohlone is an Indian word of uncertain origin that also designates one of the Penutian languages of California. Historically the word "Costanoan" (from the Spanish "costa" for "coast") has been used in place of Ohlone. The word Ohlone is thought by some to be the name of an Indian village along the San Mateo coast, but others suggest it may be a Miwok word for "western people". Ohlone was spoken along the coast in a region that includes the San Francisco Peninula and continues south to the area surrounding Monterey Bay. (see map and chart for additional information)

Ompin (Bay Miwok language) - A tribe centered on both sides of the channel where the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers meet to flow into Suisun Bay, across from the present town of Pittsburg. The group probably used the lands on both the northern and southern shore of the river. The Ompins joined Mission San Jose in 1811 and 1812, ninety-one people 1n 1811, and seventeen people in 1812.

Patwin is an Indian word that translates as "people", and also designates one of the Penutian languages of California. "Win" is actually a word for "man", so Pat-win, as with Win-tun, is a modified form of "man". Patwin was spoken in the south part of Napa Valley, in Green and Suisun Valleys, and the southern part of the Sacramento Valley. (see map and chart for additional information)

Penutian is a word invented by Alfred Kroeber (1925, 1932) to designate a family of North American Indian languages spoken mainly in California---primarily thoughout the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys, as well as in the central Sierra Nevadas, and the San Francisco and Monterey Bay areas. Penutian languages use either the word "pen" or the word "utia" to designate the number "two", with the Patwin, Wintun and Maidu languages belonging to the Pen sub-family, and Miwok, Ohlone and Yokut belonging to the Utia sub-family. (see map and chart for additional information)

Putah (South Patwin? language) - The Putah are not addressed by Milliken (1995). They were probably South Patwins, but they may have spoken dialect intermediate with River Patwin.

Suisun (South Patwin language) - The Suisuns lived on the north shore of Suisun Bay. Gabriel Moraga attacked their villages in May of 1810. His diary gives no details beyond the fact that the villages were north of Carquinez Strait. The route of Father Abella, who visited them in 1811, indicates a location in the present Fairfield area on the north side of Suisun Bay. Most people put their main village near the present town of Rockville, but there were probably other nearby villages that the Spanish associated with this main settlement. Suisuns were baptized at San Francisco between 1810 and 1816 (326 people). Francisco Solano, the Mexican-era associate of Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, was a Suisun baptized at Mission an Francisco in July of 1810 at age 10.

Suskol (South Patwin language) - The Suskol are not addressed by Milliken (1995). Their villages were located on the north bank of Suscol Creek, west of Highway 29, at a crossroads "for people traveling from the east to the coast, and up and down the Napa Valley".

Tolena (South Patwin language) - The Tolenas lived on the very northern edge of the San Francisco Bay Area, in Green Valley just north of the Suisun Plain. The first of them to go to a mission, a small group of nine people, went down to Mission San Francisco with some Suisuns in 1812, at which time they were called Caguapattos and were said to speak the "lengua de Napa". A total of 138 people went to Mission San Jose from 1815 until 1820 under the name Tolena. Another 19 were baptized at Mission San Jose.

Ululato (South Patwin Language) - The Ululatos lived in the present Vacaville area in the western Sacramento Valley. Ulatis Creek, which runs eastward from the hills through Vacaville and thence onto the plains, takes its name from these people, who were visited by Luis Arguello on October 23, 1821. A total of 280 Ululato people were baptized at Mission San Francisco between 1815 and 1822, 215 in 1821 alone. Another 67 Ululatos were baptized at Mission San Francisco de Solano between 1824 and 1833.

Volvon (Bay Miwok language) - The Volvons were also known as the Bolbones. They held the peak of Mount Diablo and the rugged lands to the east of the peak. Their villages were along the Marsh Creek drainage on the eastern side of the mountain. Some of the Mission San Jose priests referred to them as the Zuicans. Forty-four Volvons were baptized at Mission San Jose in the spring of 1805, although one faction seems to have fled in the spring of 1805 after their children were baptized. Many of the parents of these children were sent to Mission San Francisco in August of 1805. Other parents were among the last large group of Volvon converts at Mission San Francisco in the spring of 1806. Father Abella's 1811 diary referred to Mount Diablo as the "Cerro Alto de los Bolbones", the name by which it was known until the early 1840s. The variant spelling "Bolbon" was included in the title of a Mexican-period land grant, Rancho Nueces y Bolbones (Walnut trees and Bolbones [mountain or Indians]). The Volvons who went to Mission San Francisco and Mission San Jose from 1803 to 1806 should not be confused with the people labeled Bolbon in the death registers of Mission Santa Clara. The latter group have a number of family ties to the Cholvons of the Tracy area in the San Joaquin Valley (a Yokut-speaking people), and absolutely no family ties to the Volvons of the Mount Diablo area.

Wappo is an extinct Native American language that was spoken in the northern part of the Napa Valley. It is thought to be related to the Yuki language that was spoken in the Eel River Valley. Otherwise it is unlike any of the other native languages of California. Hence, it is included with Yuki in the Yukian language family. Yuki is a Wintun word for "enemy", "stranger" or "foe", whereas Wappo comes from "guapo", which is Spanish for "brave" or "severe". (see map for additional information)

Wintun is an Indian word that translates as "people", and also designates one of the Penutian languages of California. "Win" is actually the word for "man", and "tun" is the word for "body", which gives us "the body of man", or more appropriately "mankind". Wintun was spoken in the northern part of the Sacramento Valley, generally on the west side of the Sacramento River. (see map and chart for additional information)

Yokut is an Indian word that translates as "people", and also designates one of the Penutian languages of California. Yokut was spoken throughout the San Joaquin Valley. (see map and chart for additional information)

Yolo (River Patwin language) - The Yolo are not addressed by Milliken (1995). They were subdued by the Suisuns during the Indian campaigns conducted in the 1830s by Mariano Vallejo and Francisco Solano (Sem-Yeto), and hence moved to the Sonoma Mission. William Knight brought them back to his ranch at Knight's Landing when the Mission was secularized, but the small pox epidemic of 1838 killed off almost all of them.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1875), "The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America: Wild Tribes" in The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, D. Appleton & Co., New York, v. I, p. 362-363, 452.

Johnson, Patti J. (1978), "Patwin" in Handbook of North American Indians - California (Robert F. Heizer, ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., v. 8, p. 350-360.

Kroeber, Alfred L. (1916), "California Place Names of Indian Origin" in American Archaeology and Ethnology, University of California Publications, Berkeley, California, v. 12, n. 2 (June 15, 1916), p. 31-69.

Milliken, Randall (1995), A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1810, edited by T. C. Blackburn, Ballena Press Anthropological Papers, No. 43, Menlo Park, California, p. 228 & 237-258.

Sanchez, Nellie van de Grift (1922), Spanish and Indian Place Names of California (2nd Edition), A.M. Robertson, San Francisco, California, p. 274-277.

Taylor, Alex S. (1860), "California Notes: The Indianology of California - No. 3 The Indians of San Rafael and North Bay Valleys" in California Framer, San Francisco, California, v. XIII, n. 7, p. 50.